The First VolunteersShanidar 1 couldn’t have survived without help. He suffered a severe blow to the head, lost his right arm at the elbow, sustained damage to his right leg, and experienced progressive, profound deafness. There were no pain meds. Only cold, and cave bears looking for easy prey. And yet, Shanidar 1 lived to around fifty years old, which in the Ice Age made him ancient. He could not hunt. He could not carry. He probably could not even chew tough meat. And yet, morning after mo...